East and South-western Highlands Agro-ecological zone
The East and South-western Highlands Agro-ecological zone of Uganda is characterized by mountainous terrain, elevated plateaus, and fertile volcanic soils, making it one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the country. This zone encompasses districts such as Kabale, Kisoro, Rubanda, Rukungiri, Ntungamo, Mbarara, Isingiro, Bushenyi, Sheema, Kiruhura, Mitooma, Kazo, and Nyabihoko. The highlands experience cooler temperatures and a bimodal rainfall pattern, contributing to the cultivation of various crops and supporting both crop and livestock farming systems.
Characteristics of the East and South-western Highlands Agro-ecological zone
The East and South-western Highlands are marked by rugged hills, deep valleys, and well-drained soils rich in organic matter. The average annual rainfall ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 mm, with two main rainy seasons that support crop production throughout the year. The temperatures in this region are generally cooler, averaging between 15°C and 25°C, making it suitable for growing a variety of crops, including tea, coffee, and various horticultural products.
Natural Features in the Zone
- Lakes: Lake Bunyonyi, known for its scenic beauty, is situated in the Kabale and Rubanda districts, providing a habitat for diverse wildlife and supporting aquaculture activities. Lake Mburo also lies within the region, contributing to the local economy through fishing and tourism.
- Rivers: The region is traversed by several rivers, including the River Katonga and the River Kagera, which are essential for irrigation and livestock watering. These rivers also play a vital role in supporting the region's ecosystems.
- Wetlands: The Rwenzori Wetlands and various swampy areas within the highlands are crucial for maintaining biodiversity, providing water for agriculture, and supporting various plant and animal species.
Landscape and Topography
The landscape of the East and South-western Highlands is characterized by steep slopes, valleys, and high-altitude plateaus. Terracing is a common practice to manage the steep terrain and prevent soil erosion, allowing for effective cultivation. The picturesque scenery, with its lush greenery and diverse ecosystems, makes this zone one of Uganda’s most attractive agricultural regions.
Climate and Temperature
The climate in this zone is classified as temperate, with cooler temperatures that enhance the growth of highland crops. The region receives significant rainfall, with an average of 1,200 mm annually. This rainfall is essential for supporting both crop and livestock farming, though the risk of heavy downpours leading to soil erosion remains a challenge.
Agricultural Performance
The East and South-western Highlands are known for high agricultural productivity, particularly in cash crops such as tea, coffee, and horticultural products. The favorable climate and fertile soils enable farmers to engage in diverse farming practices, including mixed farming, where livestock rearing complements crop production. The cultivation of crops such as potatoes, beans, and vegetables is common, with farmers employing intensive farming techniques to maximize yields.
Agricultural Challenges
Despite its agricultural potential, the East and South-western Highlands face several challenges:
- Soil Erosion: The steep slopes and heavy rainfall contribute to soil erosion, which threatens agricultural productivity and land sustainability.
- Climate Change: Variability in rainfall patterns and increased incidences of drought and heavy rains pose risks to crop yields and livestock health.
- Pests and Diseases: Farmers in the region face challenges from crop pests and livestock diseases, which can significantly affect food security and livelihoods.
- Land Pressure: The high population density in the region increases pressure on land resources, leading to land degradation and reduced productivity.
Districts in the East and South-western Highlands Agro-ecological zone and Land Management Practices
In Kabale, farmers practice terracing and agroforestry to reduce soil erosion and enhance soil fertility. Kisoro is known for its potato production, where farmers implement crop rotation and cover cropping to maintain soil health. Rubanda focuses on coffee and tea production, employing practices such as intercropping and the use of organic fertilizers to sustain productivity. Rukungiri farmers utilize conservation agriculture techniques, including minimum tillage and mulching, to protect soil structure and enhance moisture retention. Ntungamo is characterized by mixed farming, where farmers integrate livestock and crop production, using rotational grazing and manure application to improve soil fertility. In Mbarara and Isingiro, agro-pastoralism is prevalent, with farmers practicing sustainable grazing methods and fodder conservation to maintain livestock health. Bushenyi is recognized for its banana production, where farmers employ mulching and cover cropping to combat soil erosion and improve soil moisture. Sheema focuses on dairy farming, with practices like zero grazing and pasture management to enhance milk production. Kiruhura farmers engage in cattle ranching, utilizing paddocking and rotational grazing to optimize land use and prevent overgrazing. Mitooma, Kazo, and Nyabihoko districts emphasize soil conservation practices, including contour farming and the establishment of vegetative barriers, to mitigate erosion and enhance agricultural resilience.
Conclusion
The East and South-western Highlands Agro-ecological zone is a vital area for Uganda's agriculture, offering diverse farming opportunities supported by its favorable climate and fertile soils. While challenges such as soil erosion and climate change impact agricultural productivity, the implementation of sustainable land management practices and innovations can enhance resilience and productivity in this region. With continued support for farmers and investments in agricultural development, the East and South-western Highlands can maintain their status as a key contributor to Uganda’s food security and economic growth.
